codingfuture.com

Author: Sedra seddiqi

  • Searching the cosmos : Dose life exist beyond the Milky Way?

    Europa, one of Jupiter’s icy moons is the most likely place in our solar system to be home to alien life By Pallab Ghosh Science correspondent

    Life could flourish in half-frozen slush on Europa and Enceladus, within the subsurface saltwater ocean of Ganymede, underneath the methane and ethane rivers of Titan, and maybe in brines in the deepest craters of the dwarf planets Ceres and Pluto.

    The Quest to Find Alien Life: Astronomers Optimistic About Near-Future Discoveries Many are optimistic of detecting life signs on a faraway world within our lifetimes – possibly in the next few years. And one scientist, leading a mission to Jupiter, goes as far as saying it would be “surprising” if there was no life on one of the planet’s icy moons. Nasa’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) recently detected tantalising hints at life on a planet outside our Solar System – and it has many more worlds in its sights. Numerous missions that are either under way or about to begin mark a new space race for the biggest scientific discovery of all time.

    Beyond the Goldilocks Zone: Expanding the Habitable Regions Where We Search for Alien Life

    Telescopes can now analyse the atmospheres of planets orbiting distant stars, looking for chemicals that – on Earth at least – can be produced only by living organisms. The first flicker of such a discovery came earlier this month. The possible sign of a gas that, on Earth, is produced by simple marine organisms was detected in the atmosphere of a planet named K2-18b, which is 120 light years away. The planet is in what astronomers call ‘‘the Goldilocks zone’ – the right distance away from its star for the surface temperature to be neither too hot nor too cold, but just right for there to be liquid water, which is essential to support life.

    The team expects to know in a year’s time whether the tantalising hints are confirmed or have gone away.

    Prof Nikku Madhusudhan of the Institute of Astronomy at Cambridge University, who led the study, told me that if the hints are confirmed “it would radically change the way we think about the search for life”.

    “If we find signs of life on the very first planet we study, it will raise the possibility that life is common in the Universe.”

    He predicts that within five years there will be “a major transformation” in our understanding of life in the Universe

    If his team don’t find life signs on K2-18b, they have 10 more Goldilocks planets on their list to study – and possibly many more after that. Even finding nothing would “provide important insights into the possibility of life on such planets”, he says.

    His project is just one of many that are under way or planned for the coming years searching for signs of life in the Universe. Some search on the planets in our Solar System – others look much further, into deep space.

    As powerful as Nasa’s JWST is, it has its limits. Earth’s size and proximity to the Sun enable it to support life. But JWST wouldn’t be able to detect faraway planets as small as Earth (K2-18b is eight times bigger) or as close to their parent stars, because of the glare.

    So, Nasa is planning the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO), scheduled for the 2030s. Using what is effectively a high-tech sunshield, it minimises light from the star which a planet orbits. That means it will be able to spot and sample the atmospheres of planets similar to our own.

    Also coming online later this decade is the European Southern Observatory (ESO)’s Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), which will be on the ground, looking up at the crystal-clear skies of the Chilean desert. It has the largest mirror of any instrument built, 39-metres in diameter, and so can see vastly more detail at planetary atmospheres than its predecessors.

    All three of these atmosphere-analysing telescopes make use of a technique, used by chemists for hundreds of years, to discern the chemicals inside materials from the light they give off.

    They are so incredibly powerful that they can do this from the tiny pin prick of light from the atmosphere of a planet orbiting a star, hundreds of light years away.

    Planet Jupiter Overview
    Jupiter is the fifth planet from our Sun and is, by far, the largest planet in the solar system – more than twice as massive as all the other planets combined.
    Jupiter’s stripes and swirls are actually cold, windy clouds of ammonia and water, floating in an atmosphere of hydrogen and helium. Jupiter’s iconic Great Red Spot is a giant storm bigger than Earth that has raged for hundreds of years.
    Jupiter is named for the king of the ancient Roman gods.​

    Nasa’s Clipper and the European Space Agency (ESA)’s Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (Juice) missions will both arrive there in the early 2030s.

    Shortly after the Juice mission was approved in 2012, I asked Prof Michelle Dougherty, who is the lead scientist of the European mission, if she thought there was a chance of finding life. She replied: “It would be surprising if there wasn’t life on one of the icy moons of Jupiter.”

    Nasa is also sending a spacecraft called Dragonfly to land on one of the moons of Saturn, Titan. It is an exotic world with lakes and clouds made from carbon-rich chemicals which give the planet an eerie orange haze. Along with water these chemicals are thought to be a necessary ingredient for life.

    The Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE) and Europa Clipper missions will arrive at Jupiter in the 2030s and provide researchers with unprecedented access to the icy moons orbiting the gas giant. On April 14, 2023, the European Space Agency launched a rocket carrying a spacecraft destined for Jupiter.

    here are many reasons my colleagues and I are looking forward to getting the data that JUICE and Europa Clipper will hopefully be sending back to Earth in the 2030s. But perhaps the most exciting information will have to do with water. Three of Jupiter’s moons – Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto – are home to large, underground oceans of liquid water that could support life.

    JUICE and Europa Clipper are set up to give scientists game-changing information about the potential habitability of Jupiter’s moons. While both missions will gather data on multiple moons, JUICE will spend time orbiting and focusing on Ganymede, and Europa Clipper will make dozens of close flybys of Europa.
    Both of the spacecraft will carry a suite of scientific instruments built specifically to investigate the oceans. Onboard radar will allow JUICE and Europa Clipper to probe into the moons’ outer layers of solid ice. Radar could reveal any small pockets of liquid water in the ice, or, in the case of Europa, which has a thinner outer ice layer than Ganymede and Callisto, hopefully detect the larger ocean.
    Magnetometers will also be on both missions. These tools will give scientists the opportunity to study the secondary magnetic fields produced by the interaction of conductive oceans with Jupiter’s field in great detail and will hopefully give researchers clues to salinity and volumes of the oceans.
    Scientists will also observe small variations in the moons’ gravitational pulls by tracking subtle movements in both spacecrafts’ orbits, which could help determine if Europa’s seafloor has volcanoes that provide the needed energy and chemistry for the ocean to support life.
    Finally, both craft will carry a host of cameras and light sensors that will provide unprecedented images of the geology and composition of the moons’ icy surfaces.
    Maybe one day, a spacecraft will be able to drill through the miles of solid ice on Europa, Ganymede or Callisto and explore oceans directly. Until then, observations from spacecraft like JUICE and Europa Clipper are scientists’ best bet for learning about these ocean worlds.
    When Galileo discovered these moons in 1609, they were the first objects known to directly orbit another planet. Their discovery was the final nail in the coffin of the theory that Earth – and humanity – resides at the center of the universe. Maybe these worlds have another humbling surprise in store.

    search for home near our planet

    searching close to home While some look to distant planets, others are restricting their search to our own backyard, to the planets of our own Solar System.The most likely home for life is one of the icy moons of Jupiter, Europa. It is a beautiful world with cracks on its surface that look like tiger stripes. Europa has an ocean below its icy surface, from which plumes of water vapour spew out into space.

    Mars is currently too inhospitable for living organisms, but astrobiologists believe that the planet was once lush, with a thick atmosphere and oceans and able to support life.

    Nasa’s Perseverance rover is currently collecting samples from a crater thought once to have been an ancient river delta. A separate mission in the 2030s will bring those rocks to Earth to analyse them for potential microfossils of simple life forms that are now long gone.

    Could aliens be trying to contact us?

    Some scientists consider this question the realm of science fiction and a long shot, but the search for radio signals from alien worlds has gone on for decades, not least by the Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence (Seti) institute.

    All of space is a large place to look, so their searches have been random to date. But the ability of telescopes, such as JWST, to identify the most likely places for alien civilisations to exist means that Seti can focus its search.

    That has injected fresh impetus, according to Dr Nathalie Cabrol, director of Seti’s Carl Sagan Center for the study of life in the Universe. The institute has modernised its telescope array and is now using instruments to look for communications from powerful laser pulses from distant planets.

    As a highly qualified astrobiologist, Dr Cabrol understands why some scientists are sceptical of Seti’s search for a signal.

    But chemical signatures from faraway atmospheres, interesting readings from moon flybys and even microfossils from Mars are all open to interpretation, Dr Cabrol argues.

    Looking for a signal “might seem the most far-fetched of all the various approaches to find signs of life. But it would also be the most unambiguous and it could happen at any time”.

    “Imagine we have a signal that we can actually understand,” says Dr Cabrol.

    Thirty years ago, we had no evidence of planets orbiting other stars. Now more than 5,000 have been discovered, which astronomers and astrobiologists can study in unprecedented detail.

    All the elements are in place for a discovery that will be more than just an incredible scientific breakthrough, according to Dr Subhajit Sarker of Cardiff University, who is a member of the team studying K2-18b.

    “If we find signs of life, it will be a revolution in science and it is also going to be a massive change in the way humanity looks at itself and its place in the Universe.”

  • The source of benefits (honey world)🍯

    ‌ Honey and its benefits The honey bee was created based on an extraordinary social system in which there is the highest degree of cooperation and order and the highest degree of expertise and effort for the sake of the common good, which is the result of God’s creation, not a duty, so one of the signs of God’s greatness is social life. It is a bee and now its product is Honey is the focus of the discussion. Alnahel (النحل‌)is one of the verses that is called the miracle of the Qur’an and scholars have also called it the scientific superiority of the Holy Qur’an. It is that God uses honey as a healing He mentions the people and says that what comes out of their bellies is wine of different colors in which there is healing for people. While at the time of the revelation of this verse, honey had no medicinal value except for its nutritional value, and the Holy Quran mentioned it more than 1400 years ago. Some scientists It has been said that the basis of the therapeutic value of honey is the presence of active enzymes that are quickly affected by heat and break down and become absorbable. For this reason, if we store honey for a month at 30 degrees or for a year at 20 degrees, most of its benefits will be lost, so honey should be kept in its natural state and should not be heated or stored in a place. kept warm word Mention In order for a person to be certain after hearing this verse that says: (Healing for the people), it is necessary to distinguish between the true honey that is intended by God, that is, Ali, which is taken from the nectar of flowers, and the honey that is made from water and sugar that is placed near the beehive. . Made to differentiate because the effect of artificial and fake honey is very low. While God says about the great effect of honey: (Fih Shafa’ for people) Detailed researches, studies and experiments have been done on the effects of honey on the digestive system, nervous system, skin and intestines, and research has been done on the relationship between honey and diabetes. And also its relationship with sensitivity, nerves, insomnia, allergies and the respiratory system, heart and circulatory system have been investigated and all body systems without hesitation this Bye Radar They get an immediate and positive effect from the natural honey that is extracted from the nectar of flowers. To make the reader more familiar with the benefits of honey, it should be said that God heals severe intestinal inflammation with honey. Honey is useful for the better growth of bones because it is absorbed very quickly and prevents the intestines from smelling bad, and it has a positive role in the functioning of the muscles of the bladder and urinary tract, and it is a very good medicine for the treatment of stomach ulcers, intestines and most diseases of the digestive system. Is. Honey does not cause problems for diabetic patients because its sugar is a single unit (monosaccharide) and is easily digested, and with the consumption of honey, nervous sensitivity and insomnia are quickly removed, and allergic and skin diseases are also cured by honey, which doctors today rely on Wounds put honey to heal quickly. Because the healing speed of wounds with honey is 3 times its normal healing speed. Instead of using expensive medicines, people should take advantage of this smooth and pleasant food, which God has placed many features in. Scientists are all Honey has been said: Honey has 70 medicinal substances, and it is like that eating honey has the role of a complete pharmacy, enzymes, useful elements, vitamins and 12 types of sugar, each of which has specific benefits, are present in honey, but other matters are still worthy of discussion and research. Because scientists have discovered things and things are still hidden from them God’s wonders in the world of creation Ant society remained.

    viscous liquid food, 

    Honey is a sweet, viscous liquid food, golden in color, produced in the honey sacs of various bees from the nectar of flowers. Flavor and color are determined by the flowers from which the nectar is gathered. Some of the most commercially desirable honeys are produced from clover by the domestic honeybee. The nectar is ripened into honey by inversion of the major portion of its sucrose sugar into the sugars levulose (fructose) and dextrose (glucose) and by the removal of excess moisture. 

    Bees collect the nectar, add enzymes to break down the sugars, deposit it in honeycombs in the hive, fan it to evaporate excess moisture, and seal it with wax once it reaches the proper consistency. Honey has been used as a food and sweetener for thousands of years. Today it has many culinary uses and is also valued for its potential health benefits.

    While made by bees, honey production often involves beekeepers managing hives, collecting honeycombs, extracting the honey, and preparing it for sale. So commercial honey production is a human-managed process.

    The National Honey Board says honey starts out as flower nectar. Bees collect the nectar and deposit it into honeycombs, where it breaks down into simple sugars, aided by enzymes from the bees and the air circulation from the buzzing wings in the beehive. It then transforms into the honey we know and love.

    Did you know? A typical hive contains about 60,000 bees. The worker bees of the hive, all female, will each make one twelfth of one teaspoon of honey in her lifetime! The color and flavor of honey will depend on its type of flower nectar. Wildflowers produce a darker honey, while other types of flowers may produce a lighter, sweeter honey. Bees across America use more than 300 types of flowering plants to make different varieties of honey. Because worker bees inevitably produce more honey than is necessary for their hive, beekeepers can collect the extra honey from the honeycombs, which ends up in our grocery stores and in our pantries. Honey contains about 18 percent water, is water soluble, and may crystallize between 50 and 65°F (10 and 18°C). Slightly acidic, it has mild antiseptic properties and has been used to treat burns and lacerations. As one of the most easily digested foods, honey is widely used in baked goods, candies, prepared fruits, cereals, and medicines. Honey’s history is as rich as its flavor. This natural sweetener has been prized by cultures across the globe for thousands of years. To ancient civilizations, honey was more than a treat – it was a precious resource. 

    As one of the sole sources of sugar available at the time, honey was a staple ingredient. It was used to brew mead, sweeten wines, and preserve fruit. The ancient Egyptians even relied on honey for embalming their deceased. 

    Honey’s medicinal merits also trace back through the ages. Ancient texts including the Bible and Qur’an reference honey’s holistic healing powers. From India to the Middle East, honey was a revered remedy and health elixir.

    Over time, innovative techniques expanded how honey could be used. Flavors were blended to craft new delicacies, from honeyed cakes in Asia to fermented drinks in Europe. Though recipes evolved, honey’s special place through history endured. Honey gets its sweetness from monosaccharides, fructose and glucose, and its relative sweetness is the same as sucrose. [5][6] Honey has about 325 kcal of energy per 100 grams. Honey has the highest rank among foods in terms of having some fermenting substances in food exchanges and helping food digestion. Most microbes do not grow in honey, and for this reason, sealed honey does not deteriorate for thousands of years. Honey is also hard to spoil due to its specific acidity, a very small amount of water, and the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, it is easy to maintain, transfer and trade. Before the crystallization of sugar cane syrup and preparation of sugar, honey was the only food that was used by humans for sweetening. Consumption of honey is dangerous for children under two years of age due to the possibility of botulinum toxin. An important feature of honey is that it does not spoil in the long term. It is also used to prevent some ingredients from spoiling – for example, mixing blackberries with honey and turning them over every few days so the honey penetrates everything. In this way, the blackberries do not spoil for up to a year. Another note is that honey only loses its nutritional value if exposed to temperatures exceeding 60 degrees Celsius. 

    Honey is the only natural food that does not spoil.

    The specific gravity of honey at 20 degrees Celsius is about 1.4-1.42 and its average pH is approximately 3.9, but can range between 3.4 and 6.1. Therefore, despite honey being an acidic substance, its sour taste is not noticeable due to its particular sweetness.

    Compositions of Honey
    Nutritional Value Per 100 Grams (3.5 Ounces)
    Energy: 1,272 kJ (304 kcal)
    Carbohydrates: 82.4 grams
    Sugars: 82.18 grams
    Dietary Fiber: 0.2 grams
    Fat: 0 grams
    Protein: 0.3 grams
    Vitamins:
    Riboflavin (B2): 3% of DV (0.038 mg)
    Niacin (B3): 1% of DV (0.131 mg)
    Pantothenic Acid (B5): 1% of DV (0.068 mg)
    Vitamin B6: 2% of DV (0.024 mg)
    Folate (B9): 1% of DV (2 mcg)
    Vitamin C: 1% of DV (0.5 mg)
    Minerals:
    Calcium: 1% of DV (6 mg)
    Iron: 3% of DV (0.42 mg)
    Magnesium: 1% of DV (2 mg)
    Phosphorus: 1% of DV (4 mg)
    Potassium: 1% of DV (52 mg)
    Sodium: 0% of DV (4 mg)
    Zinc: 2% of DV (0.22 mg)
    Other Components:
    Water: 17.10 grams

    Therapeutic Properties of Honey


    Treating Wounds and Burns

    Honey is a traditional folk remedy and home treatment for burns and other skin injuries. Early evidence suggests that honey helps minor burns heal 4 to 5 days faster compared to other dressings.

    Treating and Soothing Coughs

    For chronic and acute coughs, a Cochrane review found no definitive evidence to conclusively recommend using honey or advise against its use. Antibacterial Properties  

    Honey has a long history of use as a topical antibiotic in traditional and herbal medicine. Potential Risks of Consuming Honey

    Allergic Reactions

    Allergic reactions can occur in those allergic to raw honey due to the pollen present. Symptoms of a honey allergy may include shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea, and tongue swelling. If any of these symptoms appear, it is best to stop using honey and see a doctor if symptoms worsen.

    Weight Gain 

    Since over 90% of honey’s dry weight comes from sugars and carbohydrates, excessive honey consumption may lead to weight gain. It can also raise blood sugar levels, especially problematic for diabetics.

    Infant Botulism

    It is recommended to avoid giving honey to babies under 12 months. Raw honey may contain spores of Clostridium botulinum bacteria, which can be harmful to infant stomachs. However, adult stomachs can typically destroy this bacteria.